Linda, In my classes if a student has missed assignments, tests, or other graded work, it will affect their grade. But it's the learning these graded assignments represent that pose the problem. I'll downgrade late tests and drop the lowest term quiz grade, but to be fair to all students, artifically raising a grade skews the accuacy of student performance. I choose not to give extra credit, but I understand that each instructor and institution has to decide what works for them. Barry Westling