Yours is an interesting hypothesis Bill. I like the way you reason out both how students with disabilities use extended time on tests, and why it is appropriate. As to preparation time -- I think you are right. Students with disabilities ARE at a disadvantage. But I think that disadvantage is the disability itself, not the amount of time they have to study. You are right on target when you say it may take more time for them to study, but they have the time to do so. They aren't short of preparation time, they are just working longer within the available time period. As I read that, it sounds like a circular argument. Hope it is clear enough! ;-)